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Android關(guān)于獲取時間的記錄

jay_tian / 842人閱讀

摘要:使用時調(diào)用類的方法,該方法的描述是可以看出,該方法返回的是類型的結(jié)果,結(jié)果記錄的是至今經(jīng)過的毫秒數(shù)。關(guān)于類,可以很自由的定制表現(xiàn)形式,年月日時分秒,時間格式,。。。

初涉江湖,還望海涵!
寫點(diǎn)東西,純粹是因?yàn)閭€人的記憶能力較弱,寫些筆記罷了,若有錯誤還望雅正!

對Android中的時間獲取做個記錄,以下為結(jié)果!

代碼粘貼

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    public static final String TAG = "MainActivity";
    
    @RequiresApi(api = Build.VERSION_CODES.CUPCAKE)
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        //timestamp
        TextView timestamp = findViewById(R.id.timestamp_show);
        timestamp.setText("timestamp:" + System.currentTimeMillis());
        //date
        Date date = new Date();
        TextView date_show = findViewById(R.id.date_show);
        date_show.setText("Date:" + date.toString());
        //Calendar
        TextView calendar_show = findViewById(R.id.calendar_show);
        Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
        int year = calendar.get(Calendar.YEAR);
        int month = calendar.get(Calendar.MONTH);
        int day = calendar.get(Calendar.DATE);
        int hour = calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR);
        int minute = calendar.get(Calendar.MINUTE);
        int second = calendar.get(Calendar.SECOND);
        String calendar_show_string = "Calendar:" + year + "-" + month + "-" + day
                + "  " + hour + ":" + minute + ":" + second;
        calendar_show.setText(calendar_show_string);
        //Time
        TextView time_show = findViewById(R.id.time_show);
        Time time = new Time();
        time.setToNow();
        int time_year = time.year;
        int time_month = time.month;
        int time_day = time.monthDay;
        int time_hour = time.hour;
        int time_minute = time.minute;
        int time_second = time.second;
        String time_show_string = "Time:" + time_year + "-" + time_month + "-"
                + time_day + "  " + time_hour + ":" + time_minute + ":" + time_second;
        time_show.setText(time_show_string);
        //SimpleDateFormat
        TextView simpleDateFormat_show = findViewById(R.id.simpleDateFormat_show);
        SimpleDateFormat format = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
        String simpleDateFormat_tring = "SimpleDateFormat:" + format.format(new Date());
        simpleDateFormat_show.setText(simpleDateFormat_tring);
        Log.d(TAG, "onCreate: Long的最大值:" + Long.MAX_VALUE);

    }
根據(jù)自己使用過的以及網(wǎng)上搜索得到的結(jié)果,整理記錄了以下方法
1 timestamp
2 date
3 SimpleDateFormat
4 Calendar
5 Time
1 timestamp
  //timestamp
  TextView timestamp = findViewById(R.id.timestamp_show);
  timestamp.setText("timestamp:" + System.currentTimeMillis());

timestamp,時間戳。
使用時調(diào)用System類的currentTimeMillis()方法,該方法的描述是:

  /**
   * Returns the current time in milliseconds.  Note that
   * while the unit of time of the return value is a millisecond,
   * the granularity of the value depends on the underlying
   * operating system and may be larger.  For example, many
   * operating systems measure time in units of tens of
   * milliseconds.
   *
   * 

See the description of the class Date for * a discussion of slight discrepancies that may arise between * "computer time" and coordinated universal time (UTC). * * @return the difference, measured in milliseconds, between * the current time and midnight, January 1, 1970 UTC. * @see java.util.Date */ public static native long currentTimeMillis();

可以看出,該方法返回的是long類型的結(jié)果,結(jié)果記錄的是midnight, January 1, 1970 UTC至今經(jīng)過的毫秒數(shù)(milliseconds)。

System.currentTimeMillis()是一個native方法,是一個C/C++方法,由系統(tǒng)測量時間戳并返回測量結(jié)果,根據(jù)注釋描述,測量結(jié)果可能偏大,因?yàn)橛行┎僮飨到y(tǒng)測量時間是以十毫秒為單位的,類Date中討論了關(guān)于系統(tǒng)時間和UTC時間產(chǎn)生差異的原因,可自行觀看!

Note:

UTC(coordinated universal time)是民用時間的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),眾所周知,地球圍繞太陽公轉(zhuǎn)一周的時間定義為一年,地球自轉(zhuǎn)一周定義為一天。有科學(xué)報(bào)道說,地球漫長的公轉(zhuǎn)中其實(shí)是在緩慢的接近太陽,不管是否屬實(shí),自轉(zhuǎn)和公轉(zhuǎn)會產(chǎn)生一些變化也是不可避免的,UTC就是正確測量時間的規(guī)則,當(dāng)測量到需要校正時間時,會以毫秒為單位進(jìn)行調(diào)整,稱之為閏秒(leap seconds),后面Time會提到!

System.currentTimeMillis()的返回結(jié)果是一個記錄從1970開始的毫秒數(shù)的long型結(jié)果,最容易想到的是long是有范圍區(qū)間的,如果有一天記錄的毫秒數(shù)超出long的范圍怎么辦!所以我計(jì)算了以下,long的最大值為0x7fff,ffff,ffff,ffff,取整大約為922億億,一年算365天,不考慮閏年,一天246060*60毫秒一年取整大約18億毫秒,922億/18,大約為50億年,考慮到太陽的壽命,貌似也有用盡的一天。。。。但是,那么長的時間,鬼知道會發(fā)展成什么樣!

2 Date
  //date
  Date date = new Date();
  TextView date_show = findViewById(R.id.date_show);
  date_show.setText("Date:" + date.toString());

通過實(shí)例化Date類獲取date實(shí)例從而獲取時間,簡單通過toString()打印結(jié)果

Date類的注釋特別描述了

日歷記時中,一年定為365天,閏年多一天,這表明,時間并不總是一天246060*60毫秒,需要用閏年加一天來調(diào)整。在coordinated universal time (UTC)的時間定義中,是通過閏秒(leap second)來調(diào)整時間的,并且總是在6月30日或12月31日,具體表現(xiàn)為該類對秒的限制在0 to 61,60和61發(fā)生在leap second時。

構(gòu)造函數(shù)

    public Date() {
        this(System.currentTimeMillis());
    }
    
    public Date(long date) {
        fastTime = date;
    }
    
    /**
     * @param   year    the year minus 1900.
     * @param   month   the month between 0-11.
     * @param   date    the day of the month between 1-31.
     * @param   hrs     the hours between 0-23.
     * @param   min     the minutes between 0-59.
     * @param   sec     the seconds between 0-59.
     * @see     java.util.Calendar
     * @deprecated As of JDK version 1.1,
     * replaced by Calendar.set(year + 1900, month, date,
     * hrs, min, sec) or GregorianCalendar(year + 1900,
     * month, date, hrs, min, sec).
     */
    @Deprecated
    public Date(int year, int month, int date, int hrs, int min, int sec) {
        int y = year + 1900;
        // month is 0-based. So we have to normalize month to support Long.MAX_VALUE.
        if (month >= 12) {
            y += month / 12;
            month %= 12;
        } else if (month < 0) {
            y += CalendarUtils.floorDivide(month, 12);
            month = CalendarUtils.mod(month, 12);
        }
        BaseCalendar cal = getCalendarSystem(y);
        cdate = (BaseCalendar.Date) cal.newCalendarDate(TimeZone.getDefaultRef());
        cdate.setNormalizedDate(y, month + 1, date).setTimeOfDay(hrs, min, sec, 0);
        getTimeImpl();
        cdate = null;
    }

無參大Date()直接把System.currentTimeMillis()的時間戳返回給fastTime,另一個就是設(shè)定好年月日時分秒來創(chuàng)建對象,其中的設(shè)定是年是1900+參數(shù)year并且也對月份超出范圍做出了處理,但是該構(gòu)造方法已是@Deprecated(棄用)了

Date類中大部分的方法都已經(jīng)棄用,要特別是多帶帶獲取年或者月等信息的方法,基本上都已經(jīng)棄用,留下的有打印即toString()和一些比較等功能性的方法

3 SimpleDateFormat
  //SimpleDateFormat
  TextView simpleDateFormat_show = findViewById(R.id.simpleDateFormat_show);
  SimpleDateFormat format = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
  String simpleDateFormat_tring = "SimpleDateFormat:" + format.format(new Date());
  simpleDateFormat_show.setText(simpleDateFormat_tring);

SimpleDateFormat類的核心是Text的formatting(格式化)和Time的parsing(解析),SimpleDateFormat()通過傳入一個字符串來格式化需要的表現(xiàn)形式,樣例中通過調(diào)用format()傳入Date無參對象,實(shí)際上是調(diào)用System.currentTimeMillis()獲取最基本的時間,SimpleDateFormat類的作用是把傳入的Date類時間定制化封裝,從而得到需要的結(jié)果。

Note:
關(guān)于SimpleDateFormat類,可以很自由的定制表現(xiàn)形式,年月日時分秒,時間格式,AD/BC。。。

定制化所用字母的含義:

G => AD/BC(年份為負(fù)數(shù)時),1+

y => Year,1+

Y => Week year,24+

M => Month in year,1+

w => Week in year,1+

W => Week in month,1+

D => Day in year,1+

d => Day in month,1+

F => Day of week in month,1+

E => Day name in week,1+

u => Day number of week(1 = Monday, ..., 7 = Sunday),24+

a => Am/pm marker,1+

H => Hour in day (0-23),1+

k => Hour in day (1-24),1+

K => Hour in am/pm (0-11),1+

h => Hour in am/pm (1-12),1+

m => Minute in hour,1+

s => Second in minute,1+

S => Millisecond,1+

z => Time zone:General time zone,PST,GMT-08:00,1+

Z => Time zone:RFC 822 time zone,1+

X => Time zone:ISO 8601 time zone,1+

定制化使用"字符串",在該字符串中使用"字符"表示在年月日等數(shù)據(jù)外的部分,如分隔符

SimpleDateFormat類的時間格式定制包括年月日等數(shù)據(jù)的表現(xiàn)形式,連接符,日期格式的描述,如Time zone,AM/PM,AD/BC。。。

SimpleDateFormat類中存在的問題是線程同步

/**
 * Date formats are not synchronized.
 * It is recommended to create separate format instances for each thread.
 * If multiple threads access a format concurrently, it must be synchronized
 * externally.
 */

SimpleDateFormat是線程不同步的,要在多線程中使用則要在線程外同步.

4 Calendar
  //Calendar
  TextView calendar_show = findViewById(R.id.calendar_show);
  Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
  int year = calendar.get(Calendar.YEAR);
  int month = calendar.get(Calendar.MONTH);
  int day = calendar.get(Calendar.DATE);
  int hour = calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR);
  int minute = calendar.get(Calendar.MINUTE);
  int second = calendar.get(Calendar.SECOND);
  String calendar_show_string = "Calendar:" + year + "-" + month + "-" + day + "  " + hour + ":" + minute + ":" + second;
  calendar_show.setText(calendar_show_string);

Calendar是一個抽象類通過其內(nèi)定義的Calendar.getInstance()靜態(tài)方法實(shí)例化對象而該靜態(tài)方法最終是通過返回一個new GregorianCalendar(zone, aLocale)來實(shí)現(xiàn)初始化!

Calendar類內(nèi)部定義了關(guān)于時間需要用到的索引并用一個int數(shù)組存儲相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)

  public final static int ERA = 0;
  public final static int YEAR = 1;
  public final static int MONTH = 2;
  public final static int WEEK_OF_YEAR = 3;
  ...
  @SuppressWarnings("ProtectedField")
  protected int fields[];

    public int get(int field)
    {
        complete();
        return internalGet(field);
    }
    
        protected final int internalGet(int field)
    {
        return fields[field];
    }

Calendar類的簡單實(shí)用就是通過調(diào)用get方法從數(shù)組中獲取相應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)

5 Time
  //Time
  TextView time_show = findViewById(R.id.time_show);
  Time time = new Time();
  time.setToNow();
  int time_year = time.year;
  int time_month = time.month;
  int time_day = time.monthDay;
  int time_hour = time.hour;
  int time_minute = time.minute;
  int time_second = time.second;
  String time_show_string = "Time:" + time_year + "-" + time_month + "-" + time_day + "  " + time_hour + ":" + time_minute + ":" + time_second;
  time_show.setText(time_show_string);

把這段代碼打入到剪輯器,你會看到Time這個類是棄用了的

官方的注釋解釋是這樣的

/**
 * An alternative to the {@link java.util.Calendar} and
 * {@link java.util.GregorianCalendar} classes. An instance of the Time class represents
 * a moment in time, specified with second precision. It is modelled after
 * struct tm. This class is not thread-safe and does not consider leap seconds.
 */

可以看到,描述上說,這是線程不安全的類,同時也沒有處理leap seconds(閏秒)的能力,還舉出了幾個例子。

雖然是棄用的方法,但是還是可以看看怎么使用Time類的,簡單地說,就是通過對象.變量的形式獲取,也就是說,Time不像Calendar類那樣使用數(shù)組存儲數(shù)據(jù),Time就是通過創(chuàng)建public int 數(shù)據(jù) 的形式來保存數(shù)據(jù),也就是這些數(shù)據(jù)都是public的

總的來說,獲取數(shù)據(jù)的時候,通過Time的形式,如int time_hour = time.hour;這樣的寫法,其實(shí)才是最舒服的(個人感覺),當(dāng)然,最重要的還是安全問題

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